Directory The ‘cutting-edge’ principle
The use of the chemicals included in this directory is considered, on many occasions, to be pioneering. By definition, this means that we are not sure what is over the horizon. Long-term effects of some of these drugs are not known. Some of the products may not be accepted at all by the scientific community. Others are just making their first uncertain steps, while others are more widely known, used and accepted. It is important not to confuse which is which, and maintain a sense of perspective. Star qualification system
To help you decide on the available evidence and strength of research for each chemical, a star system is used: No star = no evidence, or based only on theoretical concepts
* = some evidence, mainly based on animal/laboratory studies
** = better laboratory evidence, some research on humans (results weak or equivocal)
*** = research on humans, average evidence
**** = research on humans with good evidence
***** = research on humans with excellent evidence This qualification system reflects the evidence of effectiveness (i.e. how effective a particular product is likely to be, based on available research). It does not reflect the pharmacological strength of the preparation. For example, a product may have strong pharmacological actions and yet there may be little evidence of its effectiveness on the ageing process (such as Metformin). Or it may have weak pharmacological actions with very good evidence of effectiveness (such as garlic). 5HPT *** (5-hydroxy-tryptophan)
This is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is sometimes derived from an African plant Griffonia simplicifolia. The aminoacid tryptophan converts into 5HTP and this, in turn, converts into serotonin (tryptophan may be taken on its own but it is currently a ‘prescription only’ drug, or it is banned in some countries). Serotonin can improve mood and reduce the symptoms of depression. It is also involved in reducing the sensation of pain, improves sleep problems and reduces appetite. 5HTP supplements are thought to replenish the levels of serotonin in the brain. Vitamin B6, niacin and folate are also needed for the conversion of 5HTP to serotonin and these supplements are sometimes included in 5HTP preparations. Other doctors believe that vitamin B6 may actually reduce the effectiveness of 5HTP. Dose is 50mg to 100 mg once or twice a day, with no reported serious side effects. Acetyl-L-Carnitine ***
ALC has a similar chemical structure to (it is the acetylated ester of) L -Carnitine which is a neuroprotector. The acetylated form is better absorbed than L-Carnitine.
It is found in milk, and used to treat depression, memory loss and brain problems (including Alzheimer’s disease). As a brain anti-ager it protects the mitochondria, improves blood flow to the brain and to other parts of the body. It was found to help in intermittent claudication in one trial. It may also help protect against cataract, and age-related hearing loss. ALC has been evaluated mainly by Italian researchers, and many British and American physicians are not convinced about its benefits. L-Carnitine is, however, approved in the USA for use in heart disease and low energy. Side effects: nausea, dizziness, headache and stomach upset. These are less troublesome when using a lower dose of the preparation. It may also affect sleep so it is best not taken in the evening. Long-term effects are not clear. Average dose 500mg twice a day but this may be increased to four times a day. Acetyl-Cysteine ** (for its anti-ageing action)
(Also called N-Acetyl-Cysteine which is the acetylated form of cysteine), it stimulates the activity of glutathione and protects mitochondria from free radical damage. It has an antiviral activity and it is used both for prevention and treatment of some viral infections. It protects the liver from damage and helps loosen up thick mucus (used traditionally in cases of paracetamol overdose and in some cough mixtures). Patients on nitrates for heart problems may experience a better effect of their medication after using acetyl-cysteine, as it may protect against tolerance. Dose is 500 mg, once or twice a day for cysteine and around 1000 mg -1500mg a day for acetyl-cysteine. Some doctors recommend also taking vitamin C supplements when taking acetylcysteine to prevent it from being destroyed in the body. Adrafinil (see Modafinil) Aloe Vera **
Aloe has many health benefits. It is used to treat minor skin infections or other skin problems, digestive problems and to boost immunity. It helps immune cells (macrophages) become more active and eliminate dead or unwanted material from the body. It comes in liquid form or in gel. High doses may cause of stomach upset. Alpha Lipoic Acid **
An antioxidant which boosts the levels of glutathione, it is an essential factor taking part in reactions involving the production of energy in the cell. It is both water and fat soluble, which means that it can easily reach most parts of the body. It acts in unison with vitamins C and E, strengthening their actions. It is used in treating diabetic complications and to generate energy in the mitochondria. It helps in eliminating toxic metals and protects against the process of glycosylation (see Aminoguanidine and Carnosine). In one study it was found to decrease age-related hearing loss. The doses are from 20 mg to 250mg daily. Aminoguanidine ** (also see Carnosine)
The main action of this chemical is an inhibition of the process of glycosylation (or glycation). It inhibits cross linking (abnormal bonds) of proteins, collagen, elastin and DNA. The cross linking is accelerated with age and it is worse in diabetics. It is not possible to eliminate glycosylation by not eating sugar, although too much sugar has negative effects on this process. Aminoguanidine can be used to prevent problems in diabetes, cataract, wrinkles, atherosclerosis and ageing in general. It comes in the hydrochloride and the bicarbonate form. Dose is 75-150mg (maximum twice a day), under medical supervision. Androstenedione **
It converts to testosterone within in the body, and it is thus useful to men with age-related testosterone deficiency. It is produced in the body from DHEA or progesterone. It mimics the natural secretion of testosterone and improves symptoms such as tiredness, muscle weakness, loss of sex drive and depression. Women have been using low dose androstenedione in order to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and improve libido. Used in spray/ sublingual form between 25 mg to 50 mg doses. Aniracetam (see Piracetam) Anthocyanidins (see flavonoids) Arginine *** (see also GH releasers, and Ornithine)
An essential aminoacid, it is used in anti-aging medicine mainly for promoting natural GH release. All the benefits of GH are expected with arginine supplements. Research into this is growing. Diabetics may experience a worsening of their symptoms, due to too much GH release. Patients with mental problems (psychosis) or those who had herpes infection should not take arginine supplements, because it may reactivate the infection. Arginine is also effective in increasing NO (nitric oxide) production with consequent vasodilatation (increases elasticity of the arteries), and a lowering of the blood pressure. NO is thought to also be involved in increasing blood supply to the penis, so arginine (because it increases NO) may help in impotence. Studies show that arginine is best used together with physical exercise for best effects on health. Suggested dose is around 10 grams a day for men and 5 grams for women. Side effects such as nausea may be reduced after reducing the dose. Ashwagandha *
An herb used in Ayurvedic medicine (withania somnifera), it is thought to have anti-stress properties, increase muscle strength and physical resistance. Other uses are as an aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, and memory boosting medication. It contains several active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, withanolides and sitoindosides. It is sometimes used in association with other herbal extracts for a synergistic effect. Ashwagandha is part of a section of Ayurvedic medicine offering rasayana (rejuvenation) therapies, aiming to treat body and mind. Any part of the plant can be used, although the root is used most frequently. ATP ** (Adenosine Triphosphate) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an essential chemical needed during energy production by the organism. ATP supplements in capsule or tablet form are thought to help increase the feelings of well-being, reduce tiredness, improve muscle strength and endurance and increase the flexibility. Dose is 30 mg up to three times a day. Bacopa monnieri *** (Brahmi plant)
This is mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic texts as a brain booster. Contains bacoside A and B, chemicals thought to repair damaged brain cells and increase memory. Bacopa also contains a variety of other chemicals such as antioxidants, flavonoids and aminoacids. Bacoside A is a strong antioxidant which reduces several steps of free radical damage. Other effects include an improvement in asthma, bronchitis, arthritis and anxiety. Experiments in rats showed that it can help improving learning and memory abilities. It may also increase the reaction time, reduce mental fatigue, reduce irritable bowel symptoms and reduce blood pressure. Some of its effects are believed to be caused by its ability to release nitric oxide which relaxes the heart muscle and relaxation of the arteries. It is thought to be safe and has been used in children as young as 6. Dose 100 mg -200 mg a day. Bilberry extract ***
Contains anthocyanins which in turn help to maintain the microcirculation (through capillaries) in the body. This, in turn, may help in macular degeneration (see also lutein). Usual dose is 100 mg once or twice a day. Some doctors recommend to also take ginkgo biloba and grape seed extract to fight the dry form of macular degeneration. Black Cohosh **
A North American plant, black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) is used to treat problems related to the menopause such as hot flushes, depression and other related problems. It is also used as a cough suppressant and to lower high blood pressure. Its active ingredients are terpenes. It is sometimes used in association with other herbs such as St John’s Wort. Boswella **
An extract of the resin of Boswella serrata tree, boswella has anti-inflammatory properties. Used in Ayurvedic medicine against arthritis. It reduces inflammation, joint swelling and stiffness. Boswella blocks the formation of the inflammatory chemicals leucotrienes. It’s available in capsules or cream (topical for arthritis). Bromocriptine ** (for anti-ageing) **** (for Parkinson’s)
This is an accepted drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It is also used by life extentionists as an anti-ageing drug. Bromocriptine (Parlodel) is a brain booster which can improve memory, acting on the receptors of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is also used to improve sleep, blood pressure and certain forms of cancer. In animal experiments it was shown to help improve erection and sex drive, as well as reduce the process of glycosylation (see Aminoguanidine). Finally, it may help release growth hormone from the pituitary. Side effects are nausea, headaches, constipation drowsiness, dry mouth and hallucinations (worse in high doses). Dose depends on the condition being treated, and ranges from 1 mg to 40 mg a day. Carnitine (see Acetyl-L-Carnitine) Carnosine ** (also see N-acetylcarnosine)
This is a dipeptide-a combination of two aminoacids, alanine and histidine. It is naturally present in tissues like muscle and brain. Carnosine has several anti-ageing actions. It is an antioxidant and an anti-glycator (it reduces the destruction of valuable proteins and DNA by sugar molecules, a process known as glycosylation). In high doses, it was shown to actually reverse glycosylation; i.e. restored damaged proteins back to normal. It is also a toxic metal binder and an immune booster. It is officially licensed in Russia for use (as eye drops) in treating several eye diseases. It is also used for the prevention of cataract. Normal dose is 50 mg -100 mg a day, but some researchers support its use of up to 1000 mg a day. No side effects are reported, apart from one possible case of muscle twitching (mild) after taking high doses. This resolved after reducing the dose. Cell Therapy * (Foetal cell therapy)
Used as a revitalization treatment, specifically for ageing and age-related diseases. One type of cell therapy makes use of foetal sheep liver which is refined and given by injection to the patient. The injections are then repeated at intervals while the patient is under medical supervision. Its proponents say that it slows down the ageing process, improves the immune system and reduces the risk of cancer. Allergies to the active ingredients are rare but may include anaphylactic shock, urticaria and other skin rash.
Another type of therapy is placenta extracts used for general rejuvenation. Given by injection to increase youthfulness, libido and potency, repeated injections are necessary, once or twice a year. Cellular therapy is also available in tablet form. There exist testicular extracts to promote production of testosterone, and ovarian extracts for stimulation of the female hormones. General cell therapy make use of a variety of extracts from several organs, all given by injection, with similar aims. Centella asiatica ** (gotu cola)
Known to Ayurvedic practitioners for many centuries, centella is now used in the West to treat varicose veins, promote wound healing and improve circulation. It reduces swelling of the feet because it stops fluids seeping from the veins into the tissues. Increasing dose improves these benefits. It enhances the synthesis of proteins and other molecules which are involved in repairing the inside of the veins (vascular endothelium). It is also an antioxidant and reduces soft tissue inflammation. Centrophenoxine ** (Lucidril)
It is used to boost brain energy, by increasing the use of oxygen and glucose in the brain. Used in the treatment of age-related damage to the brain, stroke, injury or drug damage it increases memory and learning. It also reduces the levels of lipofuscin (a waste material found in the brains/muscles of aged organisms), and increases the production of RNA. It was found to extent lifespan in laboratory animals. It may also strengthen the effects of other brain boosters such as Hydergine or Piracetam. The dose is 250mg twice a day, with regular breaks. It should not be taken by epileptics or those with severe high blood pressure and can cause nausea, dizziness and muscle stiffness. Chelation
Chelation is a treatment used either intravenously or by tablets. The idea consists in administering chemical agents which bind and eliminated several toxins from the blood. The main uses are against atherosclerosis and heart disease. The mixture may contain EDTA (a binding agent), garlic extracts, vitamins and phosphatidyl choline and it is thought to help dissolve atherosclerotic plaques within the arteries. EDTA helps remove calcium and other minerals from the blood. A similar therapy is to use intravenous injections of vitamin and mineral mixtures to improve absorption of these nutrients. These injections are used to treat chronic conditions such as arthritis, cancer, general fatigue and immune problems. Choline (see Lecithin) Chondroitin *** (see also glucosamine)
Usually used together with glucosamine, the main use of chondroitin is against arthritis and joint conditions. It is thought to help repair collagen molecules within the joint. It is an antioxidant and it helps blood circulation within the joint tissues. Dose is 400 mg -500 mg once or twice a day. Co-enzyme Q10 ****
Q 10 is an antioxidant. It protects the mitochondria and enhances the action of vitamin C. Used by heart disease patients to strengthen the heart muscles, and protects the brain against loss of dopamine (the chemical lacking in Parkinson’s). In high doses there is some evidence that it can slow down cancer of the breast and prostate. Also protects against disease of the teeth/gums. As a biological spark plug, it helps improves energy and muscle strength. Usual dose is 30 mg daily, others have used 100 mg daily, sometimes in association with vitamin E (it is better utilised if taken with vitamin E). Also, it is better absorbed in the presence of fat. Colostrum *
Also known as mother’s first milk, it is thought to be a strong immune booster. Children, who were not breast fed, are more prone to allergies, infections and high cholesterol, when they grow up. Colostrum is used in cases of poor immunity which cause cold, flu, cancer and chronic fatigue. It is also used to improve arthritis, allergies, asthma, irritable bowel and diabetes. This is because of its immune boosting functions. It contains a variety of active ingredients such as immunoglobulin’s, proline-rich polypeptide (which regulates the actions of the thymus gland), cytokines (to modulate the immune response to injury), vitamins A, E and B12, and other immune and growth factors. Dose is 150 mg (maintenance) up to 1500 mg of dry powder (in capsule form) for active disease. Conjugated Linoleic Acid ** (CLA)
Used by body-builders to increase muscle tissue, is also an anticancer chemical and a strong antioxidant. It improves the immune system and modulates cancer development (breast, prostate or bowel), reduces the loss of muscle tissue in cases of poor nutrition, chronic illness or cancer. CLA is a beneficial fatty acid, found in red meat, cheese and dairy products. Other benefits of CLA are a reduction of the risk of atherosclerosis, and a reduction of body fat. Conjunctisan A and B **
The ‘A’ variety is intended for treatment of cataract, general eye ageing, and other chronic eye problems. The product contains molecules extracted from the retina, optic nerve, lens and other eye tissues, all of bovine origin. It stimulates the natural healing processes in the eye. Conjunctisan B is more specific to eye allergies and particularly to those wearing contact lenses or those who have glaucoma. The product is thought to be without serious side effects and it is available in drops, to be stored in the refrigerator. Dose is two drops in each eye three to four times a day. The treatment needs to be continued for at least 4-6 weeks. Corosolic acid *
Derived from the leaves of the tree Lagestroemia speciosa and used in Asia for centuries to treat weight loss and blood sugar conditions. Research shows that corosolic acid may help reduce high glucose levels both in diabetics and normal people, particularly after a meal. This is believed to reduce the process of glycosylation and other problems associated with diabetes. Japanese researchers recommend this not only for diabetics but for anybody over the age of 40 (some doctors believe that after the age of 40 we all become mildly diabetics). Corosolic acid is also an antioxidant and may help reduce high blood pressure. Blood sugar monitoring is essential during treatment. Dose is 24 mg once or twice a day. Curcumin ***
Turmeric contains chemical substances called curcuminoids which are believed to be effective against arthritis. Curcumin blocks absorption of cholesterol, reduces clotting of blood and has anti-inflammatory effects. It is also an antioxidant and liver protector. High doses on empty stomach could cause stomach upset or even stomach ulcers, and are to be avoided by those suffering from biliary tract obstruction. It is available as turmeric root powder. Curcumin extracts are used in 500 mg capsules, taken twice a day or more frequently. Cysteine (see acetyl-cysteine) Deer Antler * (Deer Velvet)
Supplements obtained from the dense hair of deer antlers have been used for many centuries. The Chinese use it as a tonic of Yang - to balance energy. It is used to improve lack of energy, immune function, and to relieve pain and arthritis symptoms. Athletes use it to improve stamina and performance, but it is generally used in China as a tonic and as an aphrodisiac. It contains growth factors, phospholipids, prostaglandins (which reduce inflammation), glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health, and other active protein or lipids. Deprenyl ** (for anti-ageing) **** (for Parkinson’s)
Also known as selegiline, this inhibits the destruction of dopamine (which is low in Parkinson’s), thus it increases the concentration of dopamine in the brain. It improves depression and mental function, increases libido and improves quality of life in Alzheimer’s/Parkinson’s disease patients. It also improves the sense of touch. Used as a mainstream treatment for Parkinson’s disease, deprenyl has extended the life span of certain laboratory animals in some experiments. Based on this, some people use it as a general anti-ager. The liquid form is thought to be better absorbed than the tablets. Liquid Deprenyl is taken sublingually. The dose depends on the condition being treated: Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s sufferers have been known to use 10-20 mg daily. Used against ageing, the dose is 2.5-5mg twice a week, under medical supervision. Older patients may need to use higher doses according to their age. Do not take together with antidepressants or anesthetics. Side effects are nausea, dizziness, confusion, stomach pains and vivid dreams. Other names for Deprenyl are Eldepryl, Selegiline and Jumex. DHEA **** (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
Produced by the adrenal gland, its production progressively falls with age. Low DHEA levels in the blood have been associated with poor immunity and increased risk of some cancers. It protects against brain ageing, improves memory and well being, protects against some cancers (colon, lung, breast and skin) but may worsen others (prostate). Improves immunity and modulates interleukins which are active in inflammation. Improves muscle mass, reduces excess fat and improves sex drive, skin hydration and skin thickness. DHEA is also used in obesity to help reduce weight (reduces appetite for fatty food). Blood/saliva testing is essential in order to balance the dose. Usual dose 50-100 mg a day, but women may take 25 mg a day. The micronized form is believed to be the best for easy absorption by the body. Side effects include increase facial hair, acne, worsening of breast or prostate cancer. Men are advised to also take prostate support products (e.g. saw palmetto), and have prostate checks during treatment with DHEA. Note that the 7-keto version, which is the final metabolite of DHEA, is not believed to convert into testosterone and hence is often preferred by women. DMAE *
Naturally found in the brain it is used to stimulate memory and help in cases of Alzheimer’s disease. It stimulates the production of acetylcholine, a chemical necessary for memory. It increases the levels of phosphatidyl choline which is also needed for memory, and was found to extend the life of laboratory animals. Side effects are headaches, insomnia and muscle ache. Dose is up to 500-1000mg a day depending on the individual. Epileptics and those with manic-depression should not use this supplement. Dong Quai **
A Chinese herb (Angelica sinensis) used for post menopausal or other menstrual problems. It is effective in reducing hot flushes, irritability, pains, fatigue and depression. Dong quai may help improve blood circulation. Side effects include abdominal bloating and worsening or return of menstrual bleeding. Uterine (womb) fibroids may also worsen while on the treatment. Lowering of the dose can usually improve these problems. EDTA (see chelation) Flavonoids ** (also called Bioflavonoids or polyphenols)
There are several thousand different forms of flavonoids. These are found in plants and plant products. They are mainly active as antioxidants but have many other anti-ageing actions. Flavonoids are divided into to sub-groups the isoflavones and the anthocyanidins. Isoflavones are useful in reducing the symptoms of the menopause and are natural oestrogen modulators. They are used as a natural HRT to boost the action of oestrogens on the bone and heart. Isoflavones are thought to help in the process of methylation which is necessary for healthy proteins and DNA.
Anthocyanidins are group of chemicals which include pycnogenol and grape seed extracts as well as being the active ingredients in bilberries, blueberries and cranberries. Anthocyanidins are strong antioxidants and they are effective against joint inflammation. Folic acid ***
Found in liver, sprouts, yeast, green leafy vegetable, broccoli and wholegrain cereals. Its use in anti-ageing medicine is mainly to reduce the levels of homocysteine which is linked to heart disease, osteoporosis and dementia. Folic acid plays an active role in increasing methylation and may become depleted in those who consume alcohol excessively. It is also useful in the formation of red blood cells. Dose is 400 mcg -700 mcg a day. Forskolin *
This is sometimes used to reduce the risk of glaucoma. It is an extract from the herb Coleus forskohlii. Forskolin stimulates certain enzymes within the cell (cAMP) which provides the energy necessary to remove excess fluid from the eye. The dose is 10 mg a day on an empty stomach. It is not indicated for use for those who have prostate cancer, or those who have cardiac rhythm irregularities. Gerovital-H3 (GH3, see Procaine) Huperzine **
Also called HupA, this is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (it increases the levels of acetylcholine and it thus good for enhancing memory). This is found in the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata and it is used in China to treat dementia and other brain problems. HupA is an antioxidant which improves learning ability and memory, it was found in one trial to be more effective than the drugs tacrine and donepezil used for relieving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Dose is 50 mcg-200 mcg a day. Hydergine ***
Known as an ergoloid mesylate, hydergine is derived from fungi grown on rye. It reduces lipofuscin deposits in the brain and improves brain metabolism. This is an antioxidant and smart drug derived originally from rye. It protects the brain against toxic damage and improves the connections between brain cells (dendrites). It also stimulates the action of brain neurotransmitters and reduces the rate of lipofuscin (junk material) production in the brain. Hydergine may reduce a destructive molecule (senescent cell antigen) which is found in old cells. Dose varies from 3 mg to10 mg daily. It is available in tablet and liquid form. Side effects include nausea and stomach upset which should respond to a lowering of the dose. Hydergine is a very popular smart drug. Idebenone **
The chemical structure of Idebenone is similar to that of the Coenzyme Q10. It is an antioxidant and protects the brain against stroke and other damage. It also protects the mitochondria from free-radical related damage. It is used as a general anti-ageing supplement, to increase energy levels and to prevent strokes. Idebenone is thought to be better than Q10 because, in cases of heart attack or stroke, Q10 may turn into a form of oxidizing agent, causing further damage. Idebenone is free from this effect. In one study it increased the actions of nerve growth factor (NGF) in rats. NGF is involved in nourishing and repairing brain tissue. Dose is 45 mg once or twice a day, but some people use higher dose, up to 270 mg a day. Side effects are mild and include insomnia, nausea, stomach upset and anxiety. I3C ** (Indole-3-carbinol)
Found in green vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and Brussel sprouts, I3C is believed to be a potent blocker of oestrogen. It is also an antioxidant. The incidence of cancers of the breast, cervix and skin was decreased in laboratory animals after treatment with I3C. I3C blocks oestrogen (which can be associated with cancer of the breast) and also activate cancer suppressor genes (p21, p53 genes). Other studies show that I3C may also be useful in prostate cancer. Manufacturers of I3C in capsule form claim that we need to eat 15 whole cabbages a day in order to get suitable amounts of I3C! Dose is 200 mg three to four times a day. KH3 (see procaine) Lecithin *** (Choline)
Choline supplements help achieve higher levels of acetylcholine in the brain. It is sometimes given with other brain supplements such as vitamins of the B group and Pregnenolone. In some experiments, laboratory animals who were treated with lecithin had a better brain function than controls. It protects and strengthens the cell membrane. It comes in different chemical configurations, for example as cytidine-5-diphosphocholine, which readily passes through the blood-brain barrier. Lecithin comes in tablets or granules from. Lutein ***
Together with zeaxanthin, it is a carotenoid used to help with macular degeneration and cataract (both for treatment and prevention). It is found on the skin, eyes and other tissues. Lutein may also protect against cancer (particularly colon cancer), but high concentrations have been found in Parkinson’s disease patients, so theoretically it may be adversely associated with this disease. Found in spinach and other deep coloured vegetables (kale, collard greens, broccoli), and berries (mainly bilberries and blueberries). Dose is 6 mg-10 mg a day. Lycopene ****
Belonging to the family of carotenoids, this is an antioxidant similar to beta carotene. Mostly found in tomatoes, it is used to protect against cancer, and particularly prostate cancer. Apart from its antioxidant action it is also thought to interfere with the communication between cancerous cells and thus reducing the growth of cancer. It is most easily absorbed by the body in the presence of oil (it is fat-soluble). Raw tomatoes are not the best for providing lycopene. Best are cooked tomatoes, tomato juice, and tomatoes sauce (as in pizzas, pastas and ketchup). Lycopene is not produced naturally in the body . Smokers, drinkers and others exposed to pollution are more at risk from inadequate lycopene protection. Some doctors recommend five portions of food containing lycopene a day for best protection against cancer. Melatonin * (for anti-ageing) ** (for jet-lag and sleep)
Research on its anti-aging effects was mainly performed in mice and other laboratory animals. Human research is more concentrated on the effects of jet lag and sleep. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland during sleep, and its production declines with age. It is an antioxidant which penetrating the brain cell membrane to protect against injury. It is believed to protect against most age-related conditions and used to induce sleep. Sometimes is taken together with DHEA for stronger effects.
Safe even in high doses, but side effects include: vivid dreams, drowsiness, nightmares. Dose is from 0.5 mg to 3 mg (normal) or even higher, it is available in tablets, sublingual tablets and capsules. Metformin ** (for anti-ageing) **** (for diabetes)
Some doctors believe that Metformin is an important anti-ageing drug. Metformin is normally used by diabetics to increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin and thus reduce blood sugar. It also lowers cholesterol and reduces the risk of abnormal blood clotting. Sometimes it is used by dieters to reduce cravings for sugar. It may cause a serious condition called lactic acidosis in rare cases. Regular dose is 500 mg daily, but it is best used under medical supervision. Modafinil ***
A related product to Adrafinil, this brain stimulant increases alertness, improves memory, concentration and attention span. It has similar stimulation benefits to caffeine and amphetamine. Developed by French researchers, it is almost unknown to the majority of British or American physicians for its anti-ageing actions (it is traditionally used for the treatment of narcolepsy). Modafinil is more potent than Adrafinil. Side effects: liver damage, stomach pains, insomnia, irritability, headache, skin rash. Its use needs to be monitored with regular blood tests. Usual dose is 100-600 mg daily, but avoid use in the mornings. MSM ** (Methyl-Sulphonyl-Methane)
This naturally-occurring sulphur is found in many tissues of the body. Easily lost during cooking or food processing, it is necessary for tissue renewal particularly the muscle, nails, skin and bones. Used by people who want to improve mobility and joint health, or as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. Also used for brittle nails or hair, immune problems and skin problems. Sometimes it is combined with chondroitin and glucosamine for stronger effects on the joint and often combined with vitamin C. There are no known side effects, but it is necessary to take it for a long period (3-6 weeks) before benefits become apparent. It is not believed to interact with other supplements or with prescribed medication. N-acetylcarnosine **
This acetylated form of carnosine (see same) has been shown in Russian clinical trials to have dramatic effects in reversing cataract when used as an eye-drop. I have written a book on this subject which details how these eye-drops can be used; please see the book section for further details. N-Acetyl-Cysteine (see Acetyl-Cysteine) NAD ** (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
This is a coenzyme, a structural part of vitamin B3. It is involved in the process of energy production within the cells and it helps create the molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate), so it replenishes this molecule. ATP is necessary for most of the energy-related reactions in the body and it is produced in the mitochondria. ATP and NADH supplements can help increase general energy and improve muscle endurance and strength. NADH can also help reduce the symptoms of depression and tiredness. It stimulates the production of neurotransmitters necessary for memory and concentration (dopamine and noradrenaline). It is used as a general anti-ager in doses of up to 10 mg a day. Nettle **
Nettle (urtica dioica) leaf has important anti-inflammatory effects and it is used against arthritis and fluid retention. It reduces the effects of TNF (tumour necrosis factor) which is associated with inflammation, cancer and ageing in general. Nettle is rich in silicon minerals which are helpful for healthy hair, skin and nails. Some people are allergic to this extract. Nettle root extract have very different actions from nettle leaf. The root extracts are used for prostate health (see saw palmetto). Oestrogen *****
Used in HRT (hormone replacement therapy) oestrogen has several benefits. It improves the symptoms of the menopause protects the body against heart disease, osteoporosis and possibly dementia. There are synthetic and natural forms of oestrogen (for example, phyto-oestrogens). Several doctors advice against using oestrogens derived from horses’ urine, whereas others say that horses’ urine is a natural product (horses are natural) so this product should be considered as natural as phyto-oestrogens. There is a small risk of breast cancer in those who use oestrogen replacement for many years. Other side effects are thrombosis and weight gain. Ornithine * (see also GH releasers and Arginine)
Used with arginine to promote release of GH. It is thought by some to be a stronger releaser than arginine. Ornithine (also called L-Ornithine) metabolizes to arginine in the body. A combination of the two is the strongest. Available in capsules or powder, it is best taken on an empty stomach. Diabetics should only take ornithine with care, as it can worsen the condition. It may also reactivate a herpes virus infection and worsen psychotic conditions. The suggested dose is around 3 grams a day, if taken on its own, or less if taken with arginine. Oxiracetam (see Piracetam) Phosphatidyl Serine *** (PS)
A natural extract from (soya) lecithin, it is present in brain tissue, but declines with age. In animals, it slows down brain cell ageing, improves mental function (including memory, cognition and learning) and has some influence on people with mild dementia. Helps protect the cell membrane against age-related damage. It also helps improve cell to cell communication (synaptic area) and cell growth (it stimulates nerve growth factor in some experiments). The supplement is produced from chemically manipulated soya. The usual dosage is 100 mg to 300 mg a day; see a physician if more is needed Picamilon *
It is a combination of a niacin compound with GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), so it is a vitamin-like compound. It is used to enhance metabolism of the brain, and improves circulation to all parts of the body. It may be effective in improving cognition. It is mainly used in Russia. The recommendation is to double the dose if memory problems persist after four weeks. Piracetam ***
Brand name is Nootropil. It is derived from GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid). Used in memory and learning, motor skills and handling of information by the brain. Also improves concentration and stimulates the central nervous system. Dose is 1.6 g a day on average, starting a higher dose depending on symptoms. Sometimes, it is used synergistically with other nootropics such as Hydergine or Centrophenoxine.
Chemically similar nootropics (brain boosters) are Aniracetam, Oxiracetam and Pramiracetam generally thought to be more potent than piracetam Polyphenols (see flavonoids) Pregnenolone ***
It has been used for many years with few side effects. Main uses: to treat stress, tiredness, poor memory, cognition and depression. Some Alzheimer’s patients use it to reduce the symptoms of the disease. It is formed inside our body starting from the cholesterol molecule. It balances other hormones such as DHEA (it naturally converts from cholesterol into DHEA), progesterone, oestrogen and testosterone. Pregnenolone has been used for the treatment of arthritis in the 1940’s. It may help protect against osteoporosis and diabetes, also used as a general anti-ager. Helps increase the levels of acetylcholine in the brain and thus improves memory. Dose is 10 mg-100 mg per day, with some doctors recommending up to 500 mg a day for dementia patients. Patients with prostate problems need close supervision during treatment. Pramiracetam (see Piracetam) Procaine **
Gerovital (GH3) and KH3 are specific anti-ageing drugs containing procaine as a main ingredient. Originally used by Romanian professor Ana Aslan, it is claimed to have a host of anti-ageing effects. The KH3 variant contains procaine with hematoporphyrin (to improve procaine’s activity). Improves alertness and memory, blood circulation reduces cortisol hormone so it protects against immune failure and atherosclerosis. Also reduces joint problems, improves nail and hair condition and reduces stress. Varieties such as Gerovital H3 contain twice as much procaine than KH3. The dose of Gerovital H3 is 100mg once or twice a day with regular rest periods. Progesterone **** (Natural)
Usually used in cream form by menopausal or post-menopausal women the active ingredient is obtained by a chemical reaction from the wild yam plant. It works together with oestrogen hormones to treat a variety of problems: menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, age-damaged skin and reduced immunity. Also, to increase energy, sleep patterns, quality of life and sexual health. It is usually applied to the face, inner thighs, upper chest or breasts, but must be used according to the instructions whether the patient is menstruating or not. It may cause spotting of blood, or swelling of the breasts. The micronized form is better absorbed by the body. Pycnogenol **
This is an extract of the bark of the maritime pine tree (Pinus maritima). It contains over 40 different phytochemicals. These are not very well studied but are believed to enhance each others actions (synergistic) for maximum effects. It is well absorbed by the body. As a strong antioxidant it is used for strengthening capillaries and peripheral circulation, against easy bruising, allergies, cancer and heart disease. It is also used to improve general tiredness, skin conditions and general well-being. Pyritinol *
The trade name is Encefabol. It is beneficial in some early cases of dementia, vertigo, stroke and other age-related brain problems. Increases brain metabolism and acts as a brain antioxidant. Also improves certain components of the immune system (neutrophils). It is a vitamin B6 derivative developed in 1961. Taken too close to bedtime it may cause sleep disturbances. Other side effects are nausea, stomach upset and skin rash. Usual dose is 100 mg -200 mg once or twice a day, under medical supervision. Regenersesen (see RN13) Resveratrol ***
A polyphenol, found mainly in the skin of red grapes, and present in red wine. Also found in peanuts. It may help reduce the likelihood of cancer by reducing the concentration of carcinogens, inhibiting the growth of cancer, and stimulating the immune system. It can also help reduce the risk of heart disease; it is as antioxidant and reduces abnormal blood clotting. It reduces the damage caused by LDL (the ‘bad’ cholesterol). May interact with other blood-thinning medication (aspirin, warfarin, ginkgo biloba) and should not be used by those with blood clotting abnormalities. It is often available in tablet form in doses between 5mg to 30 mg. Retin-A (Retinol) ****
These are vitamin A derivatives. Retin A contains tretinoin, usually used for treatment of acne. It stimulates skin cell regeneration and is also used to reduce wrinkles by improving the blood supply to the skin. Retin-A may cause increased sensitivity to sunlight and minor skin irritation. RNA (see RN13) RN13 ** (Regenersesen)
This is made up from 13 different types of bovine RNA (Ribonucleic Acid), which plays an important role during the formation of proteins. RN13 also contains vitamins B6, B12, E, procaine, aminoacids, and lecithin. Its users say that it helps speed up wound healing, and repairs age-related tissue damage. The RNA is obtained from different animal sources such as lamb placenta, glands, testicles, pancreas, parathyroid and others. It is available in injection, capsule and tablet form. Side effects include worsening of gout and skin rashes. Certain antibiotics may block its action. This is a long-term antiageing treatment, used for premature ageing and age-related diseases. Many doctors believe that there is not enough scientific evidence to support its use.
RNA itself is used to enhance memory and learning, and to prolong lifespan. No known side effects, but RNA is not to be used by those with high serum uric acid (gout). SAMe (S-Adenosyl-Methionine) *** (as an antidepressant)
Methylation is a process necessary to life. Several chronic illnesses, exercise, as well as the process of ageing are connected with an excessive degree of de-methylation which produces damaging chemicals such as homocysteine. Homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease stroke and perhaps dementia. Methylation can be enhanced by methyl donors such as SAMe, and it also needs the aminoacid methionine, vitamin B12 and B6, folate and zinc. SAMe is used in depression, and to re-methylate nerve cells. It protects the liver against injury and may help improve some of the symptoms arthritis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. TMG (see below) increases the concentration of SAMe. The DNA molecule loses methyl groups during normal aging, so SAMe is used to counteract this. SAMe may also help in enhancing the action of antioxidants such as glutathione. Do not used with other antidepressants. It can cause dry mouth, stomach upset and restlessness. Post menopausal women should only use SAMe with caution. Dose for anti-ageing purposes is 200 mg twice daily, increased under medical supervision up to 2000 mg daily. Saw Palmetto ***
Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) has been used for centuries as a tonic for male sexual problems. Saw palmetto extracts are effective against benign enlargement of the prostate. Sometimes it is used together with other prostate supplements such as pygeum (which is also active against inflammation of the prostate) and nettle root extracts. Rare side effects of saw palmetto are indigestion and nausea. Recommended dose is 160 mg twice a day. Selegiline (see deprenyl) Selenium ****
An antioxidant mineral, sometimes combined with vitamins A, C, and E. Protects against oxidation of fats and cholesterol. Also increases the concentration of glutathione which is another strong antioxidant. It strengthens the immune system. In combination with zinc, it is used to reduce prostate swelling (benign prostatic hypertrophy). Side effects of selenium overdose are brittle nails, metallic taste in the mouth, and hair loss. Normal dose is around 200 micrograms a day. Silymarin **
This is an extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). It is mainly used to help with liver problems but research also supports its use as an antiager. An active ingredient is silibinin which may be of use in cases of heart disease, cancer and skin or kidney problems. This is also an antioxidant and active against certain inflammatory chemicals (leukotrienes). Research has examined the used of silibinin in cases of prostate cancer. It was found to stop the multiplication of cancerous cells and boost the production of anti-cancer enzymes. It may cause stomach discomfort in some users. Soya extracts ****
The benefits of soya on the ageing body are numerous. Soya contains active ingredients such as isoflavones (see flavonoids) which replace and modulate oestrogen hormones during and after the menopause. These also help with reducing the risk of osteoporosis and the risk of cancer. It is also thought to help lower LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol) and reduce the risk of gallstones. Soya exists in capsule or tablet form, in doses of 500 mg -1000 mg depending on the manufacturer. Some manufacturers can guarantee the use of non genetically-modified soya. Starflower ** (Borago officinalis)
The oil of this plant contains Gamma Linolenic Acid, one of the beneficial fatty acids. It is used in reducing inflammation. Other benefits include improvement of skin, hair and nails, lowering of high blood pressure and reducing pain in arthritic conditions. People with epilepsy should avoid this supplement. No side effects reported. St John’s Wort ****
An antidepressant which helps with the symptoms of the menopause and improves sexual problems, it contains hypericins which are the main active ingredients, but also contains flavonoids. In experiments it was shown to be as effective (or better) that other conventional anti-depressants. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, can cause a skin rash. It may also interact with other commonly prescribed drugs such as digoxin and antidepressants. The standardized extract should supply 0.3% of hypericin. Testosterone ****
Men with low testosterone may have tiredness, loss of libido, impotence, loss of bone and muscle tissue, and low mood. Laboratory tests can pick low testosterone up but the normal range has been criticized by some doctors as being too stringent (i.e. people with slightly decreased testosterone are being branded as ‘normal’ when they should be considered ‘abnormal’ and be treated with testosterone supplements). These exist in tablet, injection, skin patch and gel form. The gel is applied once a day on the skin and the testosterone is released slowly into the blood stream. Testosterone should not be used in men with breast or prostate cancer. Also, it is not for use by women. Once study in mice showed that it may help prevent Alzheimer’s dementia. Certain plant combinations are being used in order to stimulate the body to release testosterone naturally. Examples are muira puama, ginger, chrysin and others. Thymic Protein A (see Thymus) Thymus ***
This is a small gland beneath the breast-bone which shrinks with age. The secretion of hormones by the thymus gland also declines. Thymus hormones stimulate immunity and these are necessary for the maturation and function of the immune system. Removing the thymus gland in animals, results in several immune problems which are restored back to normal when the animals receive thymus extracts. On the basis of this, people use thymus extracts in order to boost the remaining shrunk thymus gland and thus boost immunity. Thymus extracts may be combined with other herbal activators and secretagogues.
A particular extract of thymus is thymic protein A which causes parts of the immune system (T-4 lymphocytes and interleukin 2) to mature. By strengthening the immune system, thymic protein A is promoted as able to reduce the effects of ageing. This is available in capsule or tablet form. Dose is 4 mcg daily.
Thymus factors are also available in cream from with no known side effects.
Other similar products include thymus extracts (not just the hormone but total tissue extract) for the purpose of increasing immune strength. Usually given by injection Thyroid **** (hormones and extracts)
Thyroid hormone deficiency can cause constipation, slow heart beat, loss of energy, tiredness, hair loss, increased cholesterol and weight gain. It is also associated with elevated levels of homocysteine (which is believed to increase the risk of heart disease). Thyroid hormone supplements reduce the levels of homocysteine. Some scientists believe that after a certain age 10-40% of all people become thyroid hormone deficient and that they should take low doses of thyroid hormone, even if blood tests are normal (sub-clinical hypothyroidism). Treatment of thyroid deficiency is by thyroid hormone supplements (thyroxin), but some people are also using thyroid gland extracts containing four different configurations of the thyroid hormone. This is recommended for people over the age of 40. Tiopronin * (Also called Thiola)
This is a synthetic compound developed by Japanese researchers. It is used to detoxify the organism from heavy metal poisons (e.g. mercury poisoning) and activates enzymes which help produce energy. It is also used to boost the immune system, improve liver function (in liver disease) and to reduce age-related cataract. Studies show that tiopronin increases the function of mitochondria, accelerates sugar metabolism and reduces free radical damage. Side effects include skin rash and itchiness, fever and other allergic reactions. The function of the liver needs to be closely monitored during treatment, other side effects include stomach upset, diarrhea, and kidney damage. Dose is 100 mg-300 mg a day. Trimethyl Glycine * (TMG)
It enhances the process of methylation (it provides three methyl groups for each molecule of TMG). This, in turn, reduces the levels of homocysteine which lowers the risk of heart attack and stroke. TMG lowers homocysteine better than B12/folate. It boosts the levels of SAMe (see same). TMG is best taken with vitamin B12 and folic acid which are essential co-factors during the methylation process. Dose is 500mg daily or more for specific diseases. May be useful in stroke or heart disease, liver disease prevention, prevents ageing in general (it provides methyl groups to repair damaged DNA). Vinpocetine **
Nootropic (smart drug) this is the extract of periwinkle plant (vinca minor). It stimulates brain function and metabolism; it is a sodium channel blocker (it helps in certain steps of the chemical signaling between nerve cells). It helps the brain use oxygen more efficiently, so energy is improved. Vinpocetin increases the levels of ATP the molecule needed for the production of energy. It protects the brain against lack of oxygen (in cases of reduced blood flow in the brain arteries) and it also improves blood supply. It is used in certain cases of stroke and brain injury with some benefit. Others use it to prevent stroke or brain ageing, also dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, and depression. Not conclusive research to support this particular use. Dose is 5 mg three times a day. Side effects are rare and include fast heart beat and low blood pressure which improves after adjusting the does. No known toxicity or interactions with other drugs. Vitamin A ****
Beta-carotene is a potent precursor of the active retinol, or vitamin A. Retinol is found in oily fish, liver, eggs and dairy products. Lack of vitamin A may worsen night vision, skin problems and immunity. It was shown to protect against certain forms of cancers in some experiments. Other benefits include improvement in dry eye conditions, improvement of poor taste and sense of smell, and improvement of gum diseases. High doses of vitamin A can be toxic and this is particularly relevant to those suffering from liver problems. Dose is 2000 IU-4000 IU a day, but many use 20 000 IU to 50 000 IU a day, however intakes over 30 000 IU is considered toxic. Beta carotene is an antioxidant and immune booster, but alcohol reduces the levels of beta carotene in the liver. Dose is 20 000 IU or more a day. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) ***
The main anti-ageing benefit of this vitamin is a reduction of homocysteine. It may also help prevent atherosclerosis and it is used in certain forms of anemia, or neuritis.B6 is needed for the production of serotonin which is an anti-depressant neurotransmitter. It is found in wheat germ, oats, fish, liver, nuts, sunflower seeds, bananas and soya. High doses (over 500 mg a day) may cause tingling and loss of sensation in the hands or feet. Dose is 10 mg - 250 mg a day. Vitamin B12 ***
A particularly active form of this vitamin is called methylcobalamin. This is most active in the brain. It protects brain and neural tissues against free radical damage and helps neurons repair themselves in case of injury. It is inactivated by the liver. Another form of vitamin B12 is called cyanocobalamin. It may be involved in the production of brain neurotransmitters. Vitamin B12 is useful in neutralizing harmful homocysteine and it thus has a role to play in reducing the risk of heart disease. Severe deficiency of vitamin B12 may cause a form of dementia. Vitamin B12 is found in meat, liver, dairy products and fish. Dose is 1 mg - 5mg a day. Vitamin C ***** (Ascorbic acid)
A well known antioxidant, there are two different forms of this vitamin: L-ascorbic acid and D-ascorbic acid. The L-variety is thought to be the most beneficial. Vitamin C is available in different formulations containing a variable amount of non useful material. Many people aim to use only high-purity varieties. Adding vitamin C to food products may provide only 50% of the L form the rest will be the D form which is not used by the body. It is still controversial whether this vitamin may affect the common cold, but many people are using it for this purpose. Other benefits are an improvement of immune function, reduction of the risk of heart disease, acceleration of wound healing and a reduction of allergies. Side effects include diarrhea and stomach upset. Doses vary from 50 mg to 15-20 g a day. Vitamin D ***
Also called calciferol or cholecalciferol, it promotes calcium absorption by the bones so prevents osteoporosis and teeth problems. Another active form is ergocalciferol, a plant analogue of cholecalciferol. Cholecalciferol is best taken with calcium supplements and it is made by the skin (from the cholesterol molecule) following exposure to sunlight. It also help the metabolism of the mineral phosphorus. Dose is1000 iu a day, but blood tests are necessary to check calcium metabolism in those who take higher doses. The recommended daily allowance is 400 IU a day. Vitamin E ****
A powerful antioxidant, usually used together with vitamin C and A. It protects against many free-radical induced processes. Vitamin E comes in eight different configurations. Examples are tocopherol (alpha, beta, etc.), and tocotrienol. These may come as a succinate form or an acetate form with different absorption rates. Dry powder vitamin E is thought to be better absorbed than capsules. Benefits of vitamin E are numerous and include: antioxidant action, prevention of abnormal blood clotting, protection of the brain and other nervous tissues, boosting of the immune system, reduction of the risk of Alzheimer’s. It may worsen the effects of anti-clotting medication such as warfarin and heparin, and may also have worse effects in this respect if combined with ginkgo biloba. Dose is 100 IU 1600 IU a day. Vitamin K **
It may be useful in improving the strength of bone in osteoporosis. It fortifies the arteries, helps with better blood flow and may reduce some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin K reduces the levels of interleukin 6, which promotes inflammation and age-related illnesses. Japanese researchers are also saying that vitamin K deficiency has effects similar to diabetes. Found in yoghurt, alfalfa, potatoes, lean red meat and liver, tomatoes, cauliflower and eggs. It is traditionally used to treat blood clotting abnormalities commonly by injection, but it is also available in tablets/capsules. Those taking anticoagulants (warfarin, Coumadin or heparin) should not be taking vitamin K. Dose is 10 mg a day. Zinc ***
Absorption is inhibited by fibre, unless is in the form of zinc methionate. It is necessary for the formation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) which ids a natural antioxidant. Helpful in wound healing, improves the sense of taste and also used as a treatment for the common cold, some doctors do not agree with this function. Zinc can be neurotoxic (can damage nerves) under certain conditions, but carnosine (see) may help protect against this.
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